13.0 英雄時代の年表／Timeline of the Age of Heroes
13.1 元年より295年／The Years 0 to 295
以下の年表はギリシャ神話に基づいて再構成されたものです。アカイア人はギリシャ神話において年号を定めなかったため、この年表では“デウカリオンの洪水”を元年としています。
元年：
デウカリオンの洪水が青銅器時代を終わらせる。
25年ころ：
ヘスペラのアマゾン族女王ミュリーネ、周辺諸国の征服に乗り出す。
30年ころ：
ミュリーネ女王、トラキア地方で斃れる。アマゾン族の親征終わる。
75年ころ
ベーロースからアバスの父ダナオス、ピュグマリオーン、ディードー、アイギュプトスが生まれ、アゲーノールからエウロペ、ポイニクス、カドモスが生まれる。
85年ころ
後にテーバイ市の盲⽬の預⾔者となるテイレシアースが生まれる。
95年ころ
牡⽜の姿を採ったゼウス神が麗しきエウロペをシドン市からクレタ島へ連れ去る。そこで彼⼥はミーノース１世（後にクレタ王となり、さらに後にハーデースの審判者となる）、ラダマンテュス（後にハーデースの審判者となる）、サルペードーン（トロイア戦争最古参の英雄）を産む。
100年ころ
カドモス、カドメイア市を築く（後のテーバイ市）。
キプロス島のピュグマリオーン王、妹ディードーの夫君を殺害する。ディードーは逃亡する。
115年ころ
アルゴス市にアクリシオスの父アバスが生まれる。
キプロス島のピュグマリオーン王がアフロディーテー女神の像を彫り、⼥神がこれに命を吹き込む。像はガラテイアと名付けられ、ピュグマリオーンの妃となる。
135年ころ
後のアルゴス市の王にしてダナエーの父となるアクリシオスが生まれる。
155年ころ
アクリシオスの娘ダナエー生まれる。
210年ころ
ヘリオス神とニンフのペルセーイスの間にアイエーテースとキルケーが生まれ、コリントス市のヘリオス神官に育てられる。ヘリオス神はアイエーテースがコリントス市の王になると⽰す。
ペルセウスはセリフォス島を離れて海の彼⽅へと旅⽴ち、メドゥーサを斃し、アンドロメダーを救い、ティリンス市の王となる。
アムピトリュオーンの父アルカイオスとアルクメーネーの父エーレクトリュオーンが生まれる。
230年ころ
ゼウス神とセメレーの間に酒神ディオニューソスが生まれ、オルコメノス市の⼥王イーノーに養育を託される。
コリントス市のグラウコス王はアイエーテースを追放し、アイエーテースはキルケーと共にコルキス国に逃れ、コルキス国の王となる。
240年ころ
オルコメノス市の王の子であるプリクソスとヘレーは⾦羊毛の羊の背に乗ってオルコメノス市から逃亡する。途中ヘレーは溺死し、プリクソスだけがコルキス国に到達する。
コリントス市のグラウコス王の子ベレロポーンが生まれる。
トロイゼーン市のピッテウス王の娘アイトラーが生まれる。
テーバイ市のラーイオス王とイオカステー妃の子オイディプースが生まれるも山中に捨てられ、コリントス市のペリボイア妃に拾われる。
アポローン神とコローニスの子アスクレーピオスが生まれる。
248年
カストールとポリュデウケースが生まれる。カストールはスパルタ市のテュンダレオース王とレーダー妃の子、ポリュデウケースはゼウス神とレーダー妃の子である。
ディオニューソスは葡萄酒を発明し、放浪の旅に出る。
250年
ミュケーナイ市の摂政を務めていたトロイゼーン市のアムピトリュオーン王が事故でミュケーナイ市のエーレクトリュオーン王を殺害する。ステネロスは王位を簒奪するとアムピトリュオーンを追放し、友⼈のアトレウスとテュエスースを近傍のミデア市に招く。アムピトリュオーンと妻アルクメーネーは、テーバイ市のイオカステー女王の弟であるクレオーンの預かりとなる。
251年
後にヘーラクレースと呼ばれるアルケイデースがゼウス神の子としてアルクメーネーから生まれる。双子としてアムピトリュオーンの血を引く異母弟イーピクレースも生まれる。
またミュケーナイ市のステネロス王とニーキッペー妃の子エウリュステウスも生まれる。
262年
トロイゼーン市のアイトラー王⼥とアテーナイ市のアイゲウス王（またはポセイドン神）子テセウスがトロイゼーン市で生まれる。
カリュドーンの貴族イーアソスとニンフのクリュメネーの娘アタランテーが生まれる。
265年
アトレウスがミュケーナイ市の王となる。
ミーノース２世がニーサー市（後にメガラー市と改名）を略奪する。
268年
スパルタ市のレーダー妃の娘、ヘレネーとクリュタイムネーストラーが卵から孵る。ゼウス神は247年以来レーダーを訪れていなかったが、彼の子は依然としてレーダーの胎内におり、レーダーはテュンダレオースとの間にクリュタイムネーストラーを身ごもると、ゼウスとの間にヘレネーも身ごもった。
269年
アルケイデース／ヘーラクレースは18歳になるとキタイローン山麓の獅子を殺してその皮をまとった。後に彼はその皮を脱ぎ捨ててネメアー谷の獅子の皮を剥ぐことになる。この任務から戻る途中、彼はテーバイ市に向かうオルコメノス市の年貢取立役人と出会う。ヘーラクレースは役人を打ち倒して追い払うとテーバイ⼈に戦いを訓練してオルコメノス市の報復を撃退した。この戦いで養父アムピュトリュオーンは戦死する。ヘーラクレースはテーバイ市のクレオーンの娘メガラー（こちらも18歳）と結婚する。トロイゼーン市を訪れて7歳のテーセウスと出会う。
272年
The goddess Hera drives Alcides (Heracles) mad, and he
kills his sons and two of his half-twin lphicles' sons. The
priestess of the Oracle at Delphi renames him Heracles, and at
her instigation he performs tasks for Eurystheus, who is now
King of Tiryns. These tasks are later to be called his Twelve
Labors. He accomplishes the first, that of killing the Nemean
Lion, and the second, that of killing the Lernean Hydra. Meanwhile,
the women of the island of Lemnos kill their husbands
(see Lemnos). King Polybus of Corinth dies and Corinthus
takes the throne.
273: Heracles ends his third labor by capturing the Ceryneian
Stag, and captures the Erymanthian Boar for his fourth. In the
course of this labor, Chiron the Centaur, teacher of heroes, is
accidentally shot with one of Heracles' poisoned arrows;
immortal, he cannot die. Jason, at Corinth, announces the
mission of the Argonauts, and Heracles abandons the Boar to
join him. The Argo sails to Colchis, from whence Jason retrieves
the Golden Fleece and his new wife, the sorceress
Medea. The Argo returns to lolcos, and Jason and Medea
become rulers of Corinth. Agamemnon is born to Atreus of
Mycenae.
276: Heracles, in his fifth labor, cleans the Stables of Augeus.
277: Heracles, in his sixth labor, drives off the Stymphalain
Birds. While he is doing this, Calydon is menaced by a giant
boar, and the Calydonian Boar Hunt occurs. Menelaus is born
to Atreus of Mycenae.
278: Early in the year, Jason deserts his wife Medea for Glauce,
a daughter of Creon of Thebes. Medea kills her, then flees to
Athens and marries Aegeus. By year's end she has borne him a
son, Medis. Theseus, age 1 6, leaves Troezen, kills many bandits
on his way to Athens. Heracles accomplishes his seventh labor,
bringing the Cretan bull from Crete to Tiryns; it runs off to the
Plain of Marathon. Theseus kills the bull there, and later in the
year kills the Minotaur at Crete, breaking the power of Crete
over Athens and all of Hellas. With Aegeus' death, Theseus
becomes King of Athens.
279: Theseus meets Pirithous, king of rhe Lapiths, who becomes
his friend. They sail to Amazonia and capture the queen,
Anti ope, who falls in love with Theseus. Heracles' eighth labor,
capturing the Mares of Diomedes, is accomplished. Pirithous
marries Hippodamia, but Centaurs go mad at his wedding; they
are driven off by Theseus, Pirithous, and Heracles, but Hippodamia
is killed.
280: Theseus' son Hippolytus, son of Anti ope, is born. Heracles'
ninth labor, capturing the girdle ofHippolyta, sister of Antiope,
is accomplished; Heracles kills Hippolyta in an error. Returning
from Amazonia, he rescues the Trojan princess Hesione, who
was being sacrificed to placate a sea-monster sent by Poseidon.
Heracles kills the creature, but King Laomedon of Troy refuses
him payment and sends him on his way. Theseus and Pirithous
kidnap the young princess Helen from Sparta, to marry one of
them; Theseus wins the draw, but decides to wait until she is old
enough. He appoints his mother Aethra to be Helen ' s nurse.
Pirithous persuades Theseus to help him kidnap Persephone,
goddess of Tartarus, for his bride; they descend to Tartarus and
are trapped on the Chair of Forgetfulness. Diomedes, son of the
Calydonian exile Tydeus, who is living in Argos, is born.
281 : Heracles ' tenth labor, that of capturing the Cattle of
Geryon, is accomplished. On the cattle-drive home, he fathers
many children on a barbarian tribe, the Celts.
1 07
282: Heracles' eleventh labor, gathering the Apples of the
Hesperides, is accomplished. He kills Antaeus, a giant, the King
of Libya. He frees Prometheus, who now warns Zeus that any
son born to the Nymph Thetis will be greater than its father.
Zeus had been considering seducing her and was thus saved in
the nick of time from possible dethronement. Prometheus
accepts Chiron 's immortality and Chiron is allowed to die.
Castor and Polydeuces, the Discouri, march on Athens and
retrieve Helen; they become friends with Theseus' regent
Menestheus and do not sack the city.
283: Heracles' twelfth labor, that of capturing Cerberus, the
three-headed dog of Tartarus, is accomplished; Heracles frees
Theseus from the Chair of Forgetfulness, but cannot free
Pirithous. Heracles is now free from obligation to Eurystheus.
The secret of Oedipus, king of Thebes, is discovered. His wife/
mother Jocasta kills herself; he blinds himself, is exiled by
Creon, and begins wandering the world with his daughter
Antigone. His son Eteocles becomes King of Thebes, is supposed
to reign for one year, alternating at a yearly interval with
his brother Polyneices.
284: In a rage, Heracles kills a guest, and is sentenced to be sold
as an anonymous slave for a period of three years. He is bought
by Omphale, queen of Lydia. In Thebes, Eteocles refuses to turn
the throne over to Polyneices and banishes him. Polyneices,
with numerous friends, including Adrastus, King of Argos, and
Tydeus, a prince of Calydon, try to regain the throne in a battle
now called the Seven Against Thebes; Tydeus, Eteocles and
Polyneices all die, and Creon becomes King of Thebes. Heracles'
half-brother Iphicles dies in the fighting.
285: Hippocoon, a nobleman of Sparta, seizes the throne by
force. King Tyndareus, his wife and daughters flee. As usual,
the Spartan princes Castor and Polydeuces are no where about.
287: Heracles, free of his servitude to Omphale, decides to sack
Troy for the insult done him by King Laomedon during the 9th
Labor. Among the heroes he recruits is Telamon of Salamis,
whose son Aias (the Greater) is born during his visit to Salamis.
Heracles swaddles the infant in the hide of the Nemean Lion,
which makes the child' s flesh impenetrable except at neck and
armpit. In the raid at Troy, Heracles kills King Laomedon, and
Priam becomes king. Also, at Phlegra, the Giants attack the
Olympians, and Heracles helps the gods against the giants.
288: Heracles founds the Olympian Games. He wages war on
Elis, whose King, Augeus, cheated him during the Fifth Labor,
but is driven off with losses.
289: In renewed campaigning against Elis, Heracles kills King
Augeus. Later that year, he also takes the city of Pylos because
its king, Neleus, had sided with Elis. Heracles puts his friend
Nestor, Neleus' youngest son, on the throne. Heracles is exiled
from the Argolis by Eurystheus and moves to the city of
Phencus.
290: Heracles and a friend, Oencus (not the King ofCalydon) are
attacked in Sparta by the sons of King Hippocoon. Oeneus is
killed, Heracles driven off, and sufficiently wounded that
Asclepius must heal him. In return, he kills Hippocoon and
restores Tyndareus to the throne. Antiope, lover of King Theseus
of Athens, dies, and Theseus marries Phaedra, sister of
Ariadne of Crete.
291: Demophoon is born to King Theseus and Queen Phaedra of
Athens.
292: The Second Olympic Games take place.
293: King Tyndareus of Sparta restores Agamemnon to the
throne of Mycenae. Alcamas is born to King Theseus and
Queen Phaedra of Athens.
294: Heracles moves to Calydon. He marries Deianara, sister of
Meleager of Calydon. King Agamemnon of Mycenae makes
war with Tantalus, King of Pisa, kills him, and marries his
widow, Clytemnestra, sister of Helen. King Tyndareus of
Sparta, Clytemnestra's father, decides that he doesn 't mind.
295: Queen Phaedra of Athens falls in Jove with King Theseus'
son Hippolytus, who is now king of Troezen. Unable to secure
his Jove, she accuses him of raping her and commits suicide.
Theseus curses him, and Poseidon kills Hippolytus before
Theseus discovers that it was a lie.
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START: YEAR 296
296: The third Oiympics take piace. Tyndareus, king of Sparta,
decides that it's high time his daughter Helen was married; she
is courted by all the eligible Achaean and Minoan princes, and
Menelaus, brother of King Agamemnon of Mycenae, wins her.
297: Heracles, his wife Deianara, and their son Hyllus move to
Trachis. As they reach the river Evenus, the Centaur Nessus
pretends to offer to ferry Deianara across the river but instead
tries to ravish her. Heracles shoots him. Nessus convinces
Deianara that his blood is a love potion, when in fact it is now
as poisonous as the arrow which killed him. Odysseus, son of
Laertes, king of Ithaca, is born.
298: Early in the year, the Nymph Thetis is wed to Peleus, King
of Phthia; Zeus has so ordained, to keep the dangerous Thetis
away from him. Eris, goddess of discord, not invited to the
wedding, throws a golden apple inscribed For the Fairest
between the goddesses attending; Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite
all claim it. Zeus debates how to resolve this issue. Late in the
year, Achilles is born to Peleus and Thetis. The Epigoni, sons
of the Seven Against Thebes, with the help ofan Athenian force
supplied by Theseus, sacks and razes Thebes. King Creon and
the seer Tiresias die. Alcmene and her Heraclid grandsons
escape. Aegialius, one of the Epigoni and son of King Adrastus
of Argos, dies; Adrastus dies from grief; Diomedes, son of
Tydeus of Calydon, becomes king of Argos.
300: Heracles, who was supposed to have won a young woman,
Iole, in an archery contest, and had been denied, now steals her
by force from her father. Deianara, trying to keep his affections,
soaks his tunic in Nessus' blood, and Heracles is burned alive.
Unable to die because of his immortal parentage, he builds a
funeral pyre on Mt. Aetna near Trachis, and is incinerated, and
is made into a god of Olympus. Philoctetes, who lit his pyre, is
given his bow. Theseus settles Heracles' sons, the Heraclids,
who are being persecuted by King Eurystheus of Tiryns, at
Tricorynthus. The Fourth Olympics take place.
303: Theseus is assassinated by King Lycomedes of Scyros,
whom he is visiting.
304: Hermione, daughter to Menelaus and Helen of Sparta, is
born. The Fifth Olympics take place.
308: The Sixth Olympics take place.
Timeline: Years 293 to ca. 360
312: The Seventh Olympics take place. Zeus finally decides how
to award the golden apple of Eris (see Year 298): He declares
that Paris, a son of Priam and Hecabe of Troy, will decide which
of the three goddesses is most deserving of the apple. Paris
decides for Aphrodite. Hera and Athena, irritated, plot to
destroy Troy.
313: Paris, with the aid of Aphrodite, finally steals Helen from
Sparta. Menelaus decides to retrieve her, and his brother Agamemnon,
in charge of the expedition, assembles the Achaean
fleet at Aulis. Agamemnon 's son Orestes is born. In a cattle-raid
in Arcadia, in a brawl with the sons of King Aphareus of
Messene, Castor, half-brother of Helen, dies. Polydeuces decides
to accompany him in death, sharing his immortality
between them, so that they both spend one day in Olympus and
one in Tartarus, alternating. After their death, Tyndareus of
Sparta steps down as King and elevates Menelaus. B ut when
Menelaus leaves to sail to Troy, Tyndareus acts as regent.
314: After being required by Artemis to sacrifice his daughter
Iphigenia, Agamemnon and the Achaeans at Aul is sail for Troy.
(In actuality, Artemis substituted a shapechanged deer for
Iphigenia and transported the girl to faraway Tauris, but the
Achaeans thought the sacrifice was genuine.)
316: The Eighth Olympics take place, and are not especially
notable because all the Achaean heroes are at Troy. Eurystheus
at Tiryns finally decides to exterminate the sons of Heracles and
marches on them and Athens. Hyllus, son of Heracles, kills
Eurystheus.
320: The Ninth Olympics take place, suffering from the same
problems as the last ones.
322: The Trojan War ends. King Agamemnon of Mycenae is
assassinated by his wife Clytemnestra and her lover Aegisthus.
324: The Tenth Olympics take place.
328: The Eleventh Olympics take place.
330: Orestes, son of King Agamemnon, kills Aegisthus and
Clytemnestra. Guilty of matricide, a much-despised crime, he
begins his wanderings. Menelaus and Helen end theirs -
blown every which way by the winds after the Trojan War, they
finaliy reach Sparta again, where Tyndareus has held the
kingdom firmly for Menelaus.
331 : Orestes' year of exile ends, but the Erinnyes still pursue
him.
332: Odysseus returns home to Ithaca after ten years of wandering.
The Twelfth Olympics take place. Orestes finally shakes
the Erinnyes. Returning home from his travels, he passes
through Tauris, rescues his sister Iphigenia, and kills King
Thoas. He returns to Mycenae and becomes its king.
342: Odysseus, King of Ithaca, is accidentally killed by Telegonus,
his son by Circe. Telegonus marries Odysseus' wife
Penelope. Telemachus, Odysseus' son by Penelope, marries
Circe.
ca.350: The Peoples of the Sea and other sea-raiders begin a
series of assaults on Achaean lands after wreaking mayhem in
Phoenicia and Egypt. The great cities are attacked one after
another, their defenses gradually worn down, their walls
breached, their palaces sacked and burned.
ca.360: King Nestor, last of the heroes from the Age of Heroes,
dies peacefully. Pylos, the last great city left untouched by the
Peoples of the Sea and other sea-raiders, is sacked. The Age of
Heroes ends.
HEROES PARTICIPATING IN
THE GREAT ADVENTURES
In case you need to know who participated in which of the
adventures noted above, here are some of the cast lists:
YEAR 273: VOYAGE OF THE ARGO (only a partial list)
Acastus . . . ................... Prince of Iolcos (son of Pelias)
Admetus .................... Prince of Pherae
Amphiaraus ............... Seer of Argos
Argus of Cole his ....... son of Phryxus
Argus of Thespiae ..... Builder of the Argo
Augeus ...................... Prince of Elis
Caeneus ..................... of Lapithae
Calais ......................... son of Boreas (brother of Zetes)
Castor .... .................... Prince of Sparta
Euryalus .................... of Thebes
Heracles
Hy las . . . . . .................... squire of Heacies
Idas . . . . ...................... Prince of Messene (brother of Lynceus)
Iphicles . . . ................... brother of Heracles
Iphitus ........................ brother of Eurystheus of Tiryns
Jason ......... ................. Prince of Iolcos (son of Aeson)
Laertes ....................... Prince of Ithaca
Lynceus ..................... Prince of Messene (brother of Idas)
Medea ............. ........... Princess of Cole his
Orpheus ..................... of Thrace
Peleus ........................ of Aegina Is. (Later Phthia)
Polydeuces ................ Prince of Sparta
Telamon .................... of Aegina Is. (Later Salamis)
Zetes .......................... son of Boreas (brother of Calais)
YEAR 277: CALYDONIAN BOAR HUNT
Admetus . . . ................ King of Pherae
Amphiaraus .............. Seer of Argos
Atalanta .................... huntress of Calydon
Caeneus ........... . ........ of Lapithae
Castor ........ ....... ........ Prince of Sparta (brother of
Polydeuces)
Eurytion ........... . ........ Prince of Phthia (dies)
Idas ................... . . .... Prince of Messene (brother of Lynceus)
lphicles ..................... of Thebes (Heracles' brother)
Jason ......................... King of Colchis
Lynceus . . . ........ ......... Prince of Messene ( brother of ldas)
Meleager ................... Prince of Calydon (dies soon after)
Nestor ....................... Prince of Pylos
Pele us ............... ........ of Phthia
Pirithous ................... King of Lapithae
Polydeuces ....... ......... Prince of Sparta (brother of Castor)
Telamon ........ ............ of Salamis Is.
YEAR 279: THE LAPITH-CENTAUR FIGHT
Caeneus ..................... of La pi thae (disappears)
Centaurs .................... led by one Eurytus
Heracles
Hippodamia ............... Queen of Lapithae (dies)
Nestor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .• . . . . . . . Prince of Pylos
Pirithous ....... ............. King of Lapithae
Theseus ...................... King of Athens
YEAR 284: THE SEVEN AGAINST THEBES
For Argos:
Adrastus .................... King of Argos
Amphiaraus ............... Seer of Argos (dies)
Campaneus .......... ...... of Argos (dies)
Hippomedon ............. of Argos (dies)
Parthenopaeus . . . ........ (not the Calydonian) (dies)
Polyneices ................. of Thebes (dies)
Tydeus ....................... of Calydon (dies)
For Thebes:
Eteocles ..................... King of Thebes (dies)
Iphicles ...................... of Thebes (dies)
YEAR 287: HERACLES' SACK OF TROY
Heracles
Iolaus ......................... of Thebes (Heracles' nephew)
Pele us ........................ of Phthia
Te lam on .......... . . . . . . .... of Salamis Is.
YEAR 298: THE EPIGONI (SACK OF THEBES)
The Epigoni:
Adrastus .................... King of Argos (dies)
Aegialeus .................. son of Adrastus (dies)
Alcamaon .................. son of Amphiaraus, Seer of Argos
Amphilochus ............. son of Amphiaraus, Seer of Argos
Diomedes .................. son of Tydeus
Euryalus .................... son of Polyneices
Thersander ................ son of Polyneices
In Thebes:
Creon . ........................ King of Thebes (dies)
Tiresias ...................... Seer of Thebes (dies)
YEARS 313-322: THE TROJAN WAR
(This list is only partial. )
For the Achaeans:
Achilles ..................... Prince of Phthia (dies)
Agamemnon .............. King of Mycenae (dies soon after)
Aias ........................... King of Megara (dies)
Alcamas .................... Prince of Athens
Demophoon ............... Prince of Athens
Diomedes .................. King of Argos
ldomeneus ................. King of Crete
Menelaus ................... King of Sparta
Menestheus ............... King of Athens (dies)
Nestor ........... ............. King of Pylos
Odysseus ................... King of Ithaca
Patrocl us ................... of Phthia (dies)
For the Trojans:
Aeneas ....................... Prince of Dardania
Hector ....................... Prince of Troy (dies)
Princess Helen .......... of Sparta and Troy
Memnon .................... King of Ethiopia (dies)
Paris (Alexandros) .... Prince of Troy (dies)
Penthesilia ................. Queen of the Amazons (dies)
Priam ......................... King of Troy (dies)
Sarpedon ................... King of Lycia (dies)
